The electric vehicle myth / reality - hydrogen or bust?
First published August 2022 but being continuously updated.
UPDATED - 31AUG23
Large lithium Ion batteries are being superceded in fixed applications (grid level storage) - possibly leading to a Lithium supply glut that might cut the price for EV and "untethered" use. The liquid metal battery was first announced in Donald Sadoway's original TED talk from March 2012. 10 years is a long time in tech, but electro chemistry cannot (yet) easily be reliably simulated and emulated in software. It's a part of the real world of reactive chemistry that still requires hands-on experimentation and observation.
Prof. Donald Sadoway is a prominent scientist renowned for his breakthroughs in materials chemistry and renewable energy. As a professor at MIT, he's acclaimed for developing the innovative "liquid metal battery" a potential game-changer in renewable energy storage. Donald's work has earned him prestigious awards and recognition, including membership in the National Academy of Engineering.
There an engaging disussion of the progress of this breakthrough in an interview with Kryten on the Everything Electric Show.... so is it the power storage breakthrough we have all been wating for? Quite possibly. Will this technology find its way into EV applications? Unlikely, but it should relieve demand for the components of mobile lithium batteries - and delieverd in 40foot container format, it should support the creation supercharger sites in remote locations plus reliable backup power solutions across the grid.
21JUL23 Draft 0v5
The Nickel Hydrogen battery seems to have a lot going for it: proved in space for many years. Relatively abundant materials; maintenence free over 20 years. Scalable... but only in speciality applications.
09JUL23 Draft 0v4
Oh dear oh dear... the EV depreciation by Geoff discsused in this video makes everything else you have ever heard about the economics of buying an EV irrelevant...
07JUL23 Draft 0v3
Geoff nails more of the inconvenient truths around current EV ownership and discusses the news that EV repair costs are far higher than ICE repairs. Get his merch - a Mug printed "Save the planet by driving old cars". Will common sense ever get back in fashion?
06JUN23 Draft 0v3
Mr Bean points out the Lithium Emperor is becoming threadbare: Just keep vehicles longer, use synthetic fuels and don't fall for NetZero
YouTuber Geoff Buys Cars read the Rowan Atkinson Telegraph article, so you don't need to...
APRIL23: Toyota has a new Hydrogen format ready to deliver... and it is well worth a close look...
This is awkward news for the "carbon lobby" that has driven the growth of wind and solar power just as the considerable downsides of disposing of worn out windmills and solar panels are emerging. We are still going to require clean tyrant-free electrical power for all other "non transport" power requirements - just not nearly as much of it, and our needs will be more flexible.
Toyota is an industry giant that has been relatively subdued in the race to replace fossil fuels - but it has been cooking up something radically new. We're talking about a brand new, revolutionary hydrogen vehicle! So, you may have heard about the Mirai, the hydrogen-powered Toyota vehicle that uses fuel cells to generate electricity - not too exciting in many ways but this new hydrogen combustion engine ticks all the boxes.
- Uses the most abundant fuel in the universe
- Only emission is water
- No lithium battery gotchas - messy mining, disposal problems
- No overload of electricity generation infrastructure
- Faster refuel, longer range
- Not dependent on China and other tyrannies for rare earth metals, motors and batteries
- Familiar (good old fashioned!) ICE-engineeering - from 5 to 12 cylinders configurations
- Suitable for boats and aircraft ..?
- Scope for less invasive software platforms and control. Just about feasible for 2nd and 3rd party industry to emerge that can operate without being 100% beholden to manufacturers.
Downside? Hydrogen recharge infrastructure is very thin on the ground - but building charge points is simple - no 200A cables carrying vast current are required. Hydrogen charger points can be tanker re-fuelled, and in the future, onsite hydrogen generation is not impossible. Vehicles can be "field refuelled" from tankers in an emergency.
But we won't retiring earlier posts on the subject of next gen motoring ...just yet.
Feb 2023
The mounting problems of EV ownership...
Here's a recent wake-up tale of ransomware by Porsche, who want to charge an owner £1500 to reinstate a feature that Porsche deleted during a software update... remember "you will own nothing and be happy" ?
This "remote control" applies to ALL EV ownership, and requires governement and politicians to be much better engaged with all the issues - including CO2 misdirection.
Back to the nitty gritty...
The idea that the UK is going to be ready and able to switch to mostly electric vehicles by 2030 is so fanciful that it's difficult to know where to start. According to https://versinetic.com/:
"As it stands, the UK is on a slow trajectory to support these EV rollout plans, with a significant deficit to the current charging network. Indeed, the ongoing rate of growth allows for only one quarter (76,849) of the required public charging points to meet expected demand from EV drivers by 2032. The target is significantly higher, at 325,000 required electric vehicle chargers.
To mitigate this gap between the forecast and requirement, £1.3 billion of funding will be poured into charging projects by the UK government. The intention is to cover costs for planned road networks, home owners, local councils, and building owners, alongside regulatory changes."
The question of the folly of lithium ion fueled electric-vehicle assumptions continues to crop up. Social media "mind control" bots are busy scanning for any posts that may undermine the "narrative" of the efficacy of the plunge into overpriced electric vehicles, and vehicle burnouts attributed to lithium ion "bombs" come under close scrutiny.
So this story from Paris is more inconvenient truth for green fanatics.
Rivian is is an EV maker in the US in which Ford has invested, but Rivian CEO RJ Scaringe recently suggested that the supply chain for EV batteries is still far behind where it needs to be to achieve many of the goals pushed by Western governments, the WSJ reported.
“Put very simply, all the world’s cell production combined represents well under 10% of what we will need in 10 years,” Scaringe said last week. “Meaning, 90% to 95% of the supply chain does not exist.”
If this green conspiracy/madness continues, we had all better get used to cycling, unless the hydrogen alternatives have come a very long way.
Autocar has produced a pretty good guide to home charging - and starts by summarizing the problem:
There are effectively two options when it comes to home charging - you can either use the slow charger provided with the vehicle or have a wallbox installed. The former uses a standard 3-pin plug to take power from your domestic supply, plus is simple to use and extremely portable. However, with battery sizes increasing all the time these units can take over 24 hours to deliver a full charge and as a result manufacturers recommend they are only for ‘emergency use’. A better bet, especially if you’re committed to everyday EV use, is a wallbox charger. Installed on the side of your house or in a garage, it is capable of delivering faster charging times safely and reliable. It’s also easier to use and doesn’t require numerous cables running from the house.
Most wallbox units are fast chargers, delivering electricity at 7kW, although there are simpler and cheaper 3kW slow chargers available
To put this in perspective, 7kW is 30A which is a large cooker, 3 times most electric heaters, 2-3 times a kettle. The cost of which just doubled!
3kW is 12.5Amp - using just about all the rated power from a regular 13A socket. Sucking large currents through domestic wiring is likely to show up weak spots - where corroded or loose connections introduce resistance that causes heating - leading to arcing (the problem that led to the Grenfell Tower blaze); all such circuits should really be connected to a separate supply feed with no splits or junctions.
So, like all UK energy policy and strategy over the past 30 years, the situation is shambolic.
EV capable Lithium batteries are expensive, heavy, dangerous and
nigh-on impossible to efficiently recycle and need recharging with
monotonous regularity. Lithium batteries are serious fire hazards; when fully charged, the energy they contain equates to a small bomb. And a fast charger requires twice the average domestic supply capacity; there is just not sufficient mains supply capacity available!
Lithium is highly reactive
and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere or inert
liquid such as purified kerosene or mineral oil. When cut, it exhibits a
metallic lustre, but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It never occurs freely in nature, but only in (usually ionic) compounds, such as pegmatitic
minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its
solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly
obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.
So let's leave EV Lithium here for now and look at the alternatives. The limitations of lithium EV technology are currently contained by the realities of chemistry and physics, where significant breakthroughs are unlikely.
It makes limited sense, like much of the "Carbon bad" mantra. But using the EV battery as part of a household power saving and backup scheme (cf Tesla powerwall) might be a sensible way through the basic muddle.
So let's use Hydrogen - the fuel of the stars!
Powering with Hydrogen is an interesting alternative that uses the most abundant element in the universe - stars are powered when two hydrogen atoms "fuse" to create helium.
H + H → He + ENERGY. Gosh, that looks easy, eh?
But Hydrogen "in the wild" on earth is always going to be combined in compounds like water (H20) and the numerous hydrocarbons (many are combustible *ane energy sources) where the hydrogen needs extracting. Overall, it is the most likely long term solution, since even if the much anticipated fusion generation eventually results in fabulously cheap electricity, it does not solve the problem of "off grid" storage and portability, and lithium batteries may yet turn out to be a minor sideshow.
Hydrogen can be produced by simple electrolysis using electricity, and there are many websites discussing the challenge. The range of complex process options is vast - suggesting that there will be steady progress towards various solutions. The US Department of Energy's site is a good place to start.
Hydrogen on its own is not energy dense and is tricky to store; it leaks easily because hydrogen atoms are bloody small! But using hydrogen to create combustible compound fuels - like easily liquified classic propane C3H8 - will not satisfy the carbon lobby - the result of combustion will include C02 in most practical cases.
Using bottled oxygen to reduce CO2 is just not practical - liquid hydrogen and oxygen is basically rocket fuel and rather too dangerous to directly power the family runabout.
There has been a lot of work being carried on fuel cells that convert hydrogen to electricity and Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) should be making an appearance in numbers ... but they aren't. However, the work may have been shelved somewhat clumsily by accountants just as the latest global energy crisis was about to break. There may be a comeback soon.
Physics Girl produced a very elegant fuel cell video in 2021 as a guest of Toyota which suggests they are closer to prime time than any think. It is simply a matter making the fuelling infrastructure available. At the end of the day, Hydrogen is omnispresent throughout the universe. There are no awkward waste products.
Autocar observes:
Hydrogen fuel cells make electricity by causing a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, of which the only by-product is water. However, to make hydrogen without using fossil fuels, you have to do the reverse, and that takes a lot of electricity. Ideally, that electricity comes from renewable sources such as wind, otherwise the point of FCEVs is lost.
The BEV argument is that you save a lot of energy by putting that
clean electricity straight into a battery. The FCEV counterargument is
that there might not be enough batteries to store renewable energy when
it’s being generated; for example, on a windy night.
The most pragmatic solution is for UK to resume North Seas oil and gas exploration, bring fracking online and buy another ten years (at least) of sanity while a real effort to advance fusion generation is made.
Also build nuclear plants using the new generation of compact reactors, and last but not least let's also build the wash barrier project ... "Using the tide to generate power is one of the greenest and most dependable sources of sustainable energy. The Barrier has the capacity to generate over 1GW of electricity, equivalent to the output of two nuclear power stations!"
The wash itself can be used as storage facility by dividing it into lagoons where water is pumped in using surplus renewable energy that would not otherwise be storable. There is a major additional benefit of this idea, avoiding the problem of East Coast erosion, which will otherwise lead to inundation of substantial adjacent areas of mostly productive farmland. Something else that the Ukrainian invasion has reminded us is in short supply.
Increasing the height of the current sea defences would prevent inundation. However, every metre of bank has to be raised: this amounts to over 200km when tidal river banks are included! There are no additional benefits gained from doing this. The sea in front of the defences will get deeper and most of the marginal salt marsh, mudflats and sandbanks will be lost to the sea. Greater erosion of the sea defences will result, causing higher maintenance costs.
If the height of the current sea defences is not raised, then the sea will breach the defences. Initially this will be occasional, not repeated for maybe 10 years, but progressively the frequency will increase.
Any land contaminated by salt water will take three or more years and tons of chemicals to return to full productivity. Areas of fen below sea level may never be drained again. Eventually, all the fen area from Cambridge to Skegness and beyond will become tidal mudflats. Over many centuries, in areas protected from the worst tides, rushes and sphagnum moss will slowly re-establish freshwater fen, similar to that which existed before drainage.
Today's bottom line is that solving the vehicle energy conundrum wearing Carrie Johnson's net-zero blinkers at this precise moment is likely to end up in yet more bad decisions. But politicians have an opportunity to undertake an intelligent solution for less than the cost of HS2 - which could engage the imagination of the public during a time when we have very little else to look forward to - largely thanks to 30 years of energy policy mismanagement.
The redoubtable Gene Beards, Chief Gloomologist at the Maverickstar YouTube channel - observes and analyses the bigger picture of climate and the (very real) magnetic pole shift - has analysed the electric greed of EV users that has helped put up the price of electricity for all of us. An EV family uses 8.3 times as much electricity as one that doesn't - and the supply system is just not ready to cope. So allowing the price to shoot up and reduced demand is a crude but effective way to cover the embarrassment of the government's fundamental energy deficiency.
Now you need to know how the earth's magnetic field originates and operates - and there is no better explanation on YouTube than this one from PBS.... "Is Earth's Magnetic Field Reversing?"
There is a transition point when the magnetic pole drifts passes 40 degrees south, since the theory is that the weakening field lines will offer progressively less resistance to further migration - until it flips. This is covered in more detail here.
All of which leads into this rather fine reality check from TheCarGuys.tv...
" What is the BIG EV Lie?
Will electric vehicles save the planet if we all buy them? Are cars definitely the worst causes of Global Warming? And if not, what is? This week it’s the long-awaited EV episode, and I’m afraid, it might not be what you were expecting…
When we first embarked on a whole episode about EVs, we thought it would be easy. Take the piss out of electric cars and their owners, add in some amusing movie clips for comedic effect, do some impressions, use that clip of Greta Thunberg a lot, and Bob’s your uncle. But the deeper we dug, the more we found, and it became simply impossible to be… well… funny.
You see there are some huge issues to deal with here, and it would seem, a lot of misinformation.
Yes, it’s easy to criticise EVs for range anxiety, charging waiting times, the upfront cost of the vehicles, and in one case - that autopilot mode. But forget all that short-term guff and explore with us what will happen in the future – do we have the energy and raw materials to cope with mass EV adoption?
And perhaps more importantly, is electricity actually all that green anyway? This episode has been a year in the making, and whilst it’s not two old guys wise-cracking in a supercar, we still felt it needed to made. We hope you enjoy it..."
Collision considerations..
The problems of EV weight in accidents is explored in this video by the redoubtable (and breathless) Scotty Kilmer, where he addresses the fact that an EV battery combined with EV acceleration means kinetic energy that is going to cause more impact damage than the traditional internal combustion vehicle, that has been refined towards improved safety over 100 years.
And then there the issues around autopilot compromise. It is a complete mystery to the writer why this aspect of motoring has been so readily accepted. The suspicion is that (increasingly authoritarian) governments have been lured by the prospect that they are going to be able to start and stop every vehicle remotely, and inexperienced technocrats have lost sight of the detail and the reality.
And finallyu, strap in for a force of nature discussion cares and much else. Turbo powereed common sense, shtick and exasperation : Here's What I Really Think of Joe Biden and What He Just Did for America
WORK IN PROGRESS updated 0v14 July 27th 2022 - this will be continuously updated and links added . When I am happy I have reached basecamp, I will declare version 1.0. I will be using external links in the way Tim Berners Lee intended at the start of the web, but that has now become much less popular with site creators who want to cling jealously to their visitors, and not risk sending them away down a "competitive" rabbit hole.
//under continuous revision and extension